theexhibitionofinscribedbambootabletsofwukingdomofthethreekingdomsatchangshaladiesandgentlemen,
welcometochangshamuseum.wellbeheretovisit“theexhibitionofinscribedbambootabletsofwukingdomofthethreekingdomsatchangshaandtheyearsofunearthedmostvaluableculturalrelics”.ihopemyexplanationcansatisfyyou!
now,weareinthefirstexhibitionhall.here,itadoptspanoramictechnique,andrestoresthesiteofunearthingbambootabletsofwukingdom.in1996,duringjulytonovember,inthesoutheastofwuyisquare,teamupwithpinghetangdepartment.theexhumationswerecarriedonbychangsharelicsworkteams.theyunearth61archaicwellsduringthe
warringstatesperiodandthemingandqingdynasty,andfoundout3000kindsofrelics,likecopper,ironbamboo,wood,ceramics,andsoon.topeople’sastonishment,intheno.22archaicwell,theyfoundlotsofbambootabletsandwooden
slips.afterconfirming,theyaretherelicsofsunwuinthreekingdoms1700yearsago.thesepatchesofrelicswouldreplenishthelackedhistoricalmaterialsofthreekingdomsexactly.ourcountryoncehadfourdiscoveries:theoracleboneinscriptionofyin,bambootabletsandwoodenslipsoftunxuinnorthwestchina,culturalbooksofdunhuangstoneroom,filesofqingcabinet.bambootabletsofwukingdomofthethreekingdomsatchangshacanbementionedinthesamebreathwiththefourdiscoveries,andbecomethesearchingsubjectofinternationalacademia.
everybody!pleaselookatthecrosssectionreconstructionoftheno.22archaicwell.itsupperpartofopeningwasdamagedwhenitwasexcavating.thisisanirregularcircularshapeverticalshaft;thebottomhasabagformlikely.theopeningofthewellhasalength3.5mfromsouthtonorth,3.1mfromeasttowest,and5.6mindepth.theopeningiscoveredwithpureredbrowncolorclay,1.5mdeeperofwhichisthebambootabletsandwoodenslipslayer.thebambootabletsandwoodenslipslayeris50cmthickincenterand20cmthinonallsides,piledupwithslopeform.theropestiedthebambootabletsandwoodenslipshavebecomerotten,butwecanseetheywereburiedbybundlesatthattime.therearemorethan10,000piecesofbambootabletsandwoodenslipsbytheinitialstatistics.thesecondlayeristhegraybrownclaylayerof3.1mthick,amongthemmixup
withlotsofbamboowoodscrapes,grassscrapes,leaves,fragmentarybricks,potteryandporcelainandsoon.atthebottomofthewellisanothersmallwell,whichhassquarewoodenframe.thefourcornersarenailedbyastickofspileinlayedwithtwowoodenboardsasthewellwall.thecircleofthewellis93cmlong,58cmtall.thefunctionofthissmallwellisprobablyforgatheringthegroundwaterfromallsidesofthewell,andthenputforwardtopouroutwithwaterpitcherandothertoolsinordertomaintainthewellspacedry.thisisthelivingphototakenbythetimeofexcavating.
analyzingthestructureandrelicsofthewellno.22,itisanancientwellforstoringfood.theclimateofchangshaissohot,wetandrainythatthefoodiseasytoberot,butthecircumstanceunderthegroundof10mdepthisjustlikeasamodernrefrigerator.thearchaeologicaldiscoveriesapprovedthatpeoplehadusedthisstoringmethodfromthetimeofshangdynasty.
youmayaskthat,whywerethebambootabletsofwukingdomburiedinthewell?therearetwostatements.thefirstoneconsideredthatintheperiodofthreekingdoms,thereweresomanywars,thesuddenlyburst-outwarmadepeopleburythemhereinahurry.theotherconsideredthattoburytheminthewellmaybeawayofdealingwiththerecordsinthepast.
nowpleaselookatthephoto.thisisthephotoofunearthingtheno.22well.wecanseethatthebambootabletsandwoodenslipsweresoakedinthemud.whycantheybekeptintactforover1700years?oneoftheimportantreasonsisthatthegroundwaterlevelinchangshawasveryhigh,andthebambootabletsandwoodenslipsweresoakedinthewater.besides,theywereburieddeeply;theycanbesealedupwall.withthese,theycanbekeptintactforover1700years.
next,let’svisitthesecondexhibitionroom.inthisroomwecangetthedetailedintroductionofthebambootabletsandwoodenslips.beforewevisit,ihaveaquestiontoask.doyouknowwhetherthewordsonthebambootabletsandwoodenslipswerewrittenorcarvedonthem?withthequestion,let’slookatthephotoofthepotteryfigurine.thispotteryfigurinewasunearthedinawesternjintombinjinpenlinginchangshain1950s.ontheleftofthephotothereisamanhandingawoodenslipandreadingsomething,themanontherightwhowereholdingahairpencilinahandandawoodenslipintheotherwaswritingsomething.thepotteryfigurineshowsustheconditionofancientswritingonthebambootabletsandwoodenslips.now,wecansay,thewordonthebambootabletsandslipswerewrittenonthem.didyouguessit?
toseeanothersetofphotos.thisisahairpencilunearthedfromoneofthetombsofthewarringstateatzuojiagongmountainofchangshain1954.itsshaftislongandsmallbuteasytobebroken.onthesideofitthereisabamboopipeusedforcontainingthepenwhenitiscollectedandpreserved.thisisaninkstonewithlittleinkblocksnearit.herealsoremainsabronzechoppingknifewhichisusedforthecalligraphertomakeinscribedbambooandwoodenslipsandcorrectwritingmistakes.thisisasetofphotosofcalligraphytoolsdiscoveredinno.168tombinjinancityofformercapitalofchustate.inadditiontothis,thereare6piecesofwoodenslipswithoutcharacter.thisisalsothemostcompleteandmosttypicalsetofhandynasty’sstationeryeverseenuptonow.unitingourancientpeoplecalculatesthenumberoftheinscribedbambootabletsandwoodenslipsarenot“slice”,but“jin”.itisrecordedinhistorythatthe1stemperorofqindynastydidnothavearestuntilhefinishedreadingover120jinofmemorialtothroneandinscribedbambooandwoodenslips.
pleasenoticethefollowingbrieftabletaboutinformationoftheinscribedbambooandwoodenslipsunearthedfromallpartsofthenationfromthiscentury.amongthis,thecolumninredcharacteristhenumberoftheinscribedbambooandwoodenslipsexcavatedfromchangshathistime.thenumberthistimehasexceededthetotalamountofthatunearthedfromallpartsofthenationtheseyears.therefore,itisnamedas“thesurprisingwonderoftheworld”and“oneofthemostimportantarchaeologicaldiscoveriesofthiscentury.”
itiswellknownthatdocumenthistoryinthethreekingdomperiodhandeddownisveryrare.”theannalsofthreekingdom”bychenshouinxijinhas65volumes,amongwhichthereare30volumesofweibook,15volumesofshubook,20volumesofwubookwithtotalofmorethan1millioncharacters.overtheyears,theunearthedinscribedbambooslipsandwoodentabletsinnationwidearchaeologyisalsorarelyseenandonlyexisttensofpiecesinanhui,jiangxiandhubei.butnowadaysinchangsha,thetotalnumberoftheexcavationoftheinscribedbamboofromwustateinthreekingdomperiodreaches10thousandpiecesforjustonetimeandthetotalwordagereachesmorethan3millionifcountedwith20wordsineachpiece.thesecharactermaterialsgreatlysurpassthetotalwordageinthatofthe“annalsofthreekingdom”,whichoffersabundantmaterialforthestudyofsocialeconomy,politicalsystem,inscribedbambooandvolumesystem,historyandgeographyandalsofillthevacancyofhistoricworks.wecanforecastthatthediscoveryofinscribedbambooslipsfromwustateinchangshawillsurelyinfluencemanyaspectsofthechinesehistoricstudyandanewexaminingandverifyingthepastfinalconclusion.
well,letushavealookatthismap.thoughtheseriesarchaeologicalexcavationaroundthe“wuyisquare”byourarchaeologicalworkers,wehavepreliminarilydefinedtheregionoftheancientchangsha.itextendsnorthwardto“laozhaobi”,southwardto“pozistreet”,eastwardto“cai’eroad”andwestwardto“shanghestreet”whichshapedrectangle.andthecenterofchangshaistoday’s“wuyisquare,which,wecansay,hasn’tchangedbasicallynearly3000years.
theunearthedinscribedbambooslipsandwoodentabletsforthistime,ifaccordingtotheirshape,theycanbedistributedtobigandsmallinscribedbambooslips,woodentabletsandsoon;ifaccordingtotheiruse,theycanbedistributedtofivekinds:
thefirstkindisdocument.itcanbesubdividedintotwoparts.oneisthelandrentdocumentwith0.5mlong,2.5cmwideand100to200chinesecharacterson.theotheristheofficialdocumentwhichrecordedthedistributionandexchangingofmoney,crops,andgoodsamongdifferentgovernmentalsetups.pleaselookatthissmallerslice.itisaclassifiedlabel.itshowsusamonthlyreportrecordedbytwoofficialsnamedhuangweiandpanlvinthefirstyearofjiaheperiod.
second,aboutjudicature,whichrecordedsomedetailcontentsandeconomiccases,suchasthetrying,appealingandreexamining?what’sonthiswoodentabletisanindividualcaseaboutaduyou.duyouisakindofgovernmentofficial.hewassentencedtodeathforhiscorruptnessofsalt,buthewasnotconvincedandappealedtoahighcourt.however,thereexaminingdidnotmakethejudgechange.sohehadnothingtodobutaccept.
thethirdkindisdirectory,somewhatlikethehouseholdandregisteredbookstoday.let’slookatthisslice.herethechinesecharacter“rongli”wasanameofsomeplaceinchangsha.thiswholesentencemeansthereisamannamedheqin,55yearsold,livedinrongli.hisdukedomisgongcheng.andhere"suanyi"meanscanbecountedasoneofataxpayer;"xingliangzu"referstowhoselegshadbeencutoff.thedirectoryservedasaregisteredpermanentresident,whichputdownpeople’sname,age,positionandsomethingwecan’tfindinourregisteredpermanentresident---physicalcondition.
thefourthoneiscallingcard.itmainlyreferredtopayingrespect,givinggiftandadministrativeaffairs,asvisitingcardsweusetoday.
thelastkindisthewoodentabletonaccountwhichrecordedthemanagingaccountofdepartmentsbelongstochangshagovernment.
pleaselookatthesehistoricalrelicsagain.thisblueandgreenporcelaininthethreekingdomsandtowjindynastieswerediscoveredinzoumalouancientwell.look,theirglazedcolorsissparkingandcrystal-clear,thedecoratearesimpleandelement.thesecondamongthemiscalled"chichen-headpotting",thepottingiscoronalform,guidestheneckandproceededhigh,andthemodelingofitisverybeautiful.thesepottingwereverypopularinjindynasty.theywereusedaspitcherandchalice.
everybodyhasseenmanyphotos,haslistenedtosomuchexplanation,nowwecometoseetheoriginalofthebambooslips,woodentabletsorslipsforwriting.
now,youseeinthepyramidshapeexhibitioncupboard,itisabambooslipsandwoodentabletsorslipsoriginalthatexploredinzoumalouintheancientwellofthebuildingthistime.thebambooslipsandwoodentabletsorslipsarethematerialthattheancientremainsofourcountrycomedowntowrite.amongthemthenarrowandlongbamboo,thewoodchipsarecalled"jian",thegenerouswoodchipscalled"du".youmustdistinguishonefromtheother,notwoodmakearenamed"du",whatbamboomakenamed"jian".jianhasthewoodenone,too.ok,therightsideofitheresetsomeinscribedwoodentablets,themiddleareheavyinscribedwoodenslips.intheleft,theyarebambooslipsthatpressedunderthetransparentglass.thecharactersonthebambooslipsandwoodentabletsorslipsaresimpleandclear.it’seasilycanbedistinguished.thescriptisthetransitionfromlishutoregularscript.
thesekindsofinscribedwoodenslipsandinscribedwoodentabletsaremadeinshirtwoods.thequalityofthesetreesispre-pressing.itisintacttokeep.therawmaterialsofinscribedbambooslipsisbamboowhosequalityisloose,aptandcrookedandoutofshape,soitindisplayingandneedpresswhenexhibiting.theancientshaveseveralprocedurestomakethebambooslips.first,theycutthebamboointobambooslips,andthenburnishedtheminordertomakethemsmooth,thesesmoothslipscalled“jian”.butpeoplecouldnotwriteonthewetbambooslips.then,theyroasteddrythewetbambooslips.whileroasting,therewassomewatersteamingout.thewaterlookedlikesweet,sopeoplecalledthose“sweetqing”or“shaqing”.
the“guolingdingyang”ofwentianxiangsaidthat“sinceancienttimes,whohasnodeath?remainingsincerehearttofinish‘sweetqing’.
bambootabletsofwukingdomofthethreekingdomsatchangshahasverystronghistoricalvalue,articlevalueandscientificvalue,sotheprovincialleaders,cityleadersandrelatedexpertsdecidedtosetupanexhibitionofbambootabletsandwoodenslips.