Deartourists,thescenicspotwearegoingtovisitistheMingXiaolingMausoleum,whichislocatedinDulong,Mt.Zijin.XiaolingTomboftheMingDynastyisthejointTombofZhuYuanzhang,thefounderoftheMingDynasty,andhisEmpressMaShi.ZhuYuanzhangwasbornin1328toapoorpeasantfamilyinFengyang,AnhuiProvince.HejoinedHuangjuetempleattheageof17,joinedtheredscarfarmyofGuoZixingattheendoftheYuanDynastyin1352,ledthearmytoconquerNanjingin1356,andascendedthethronein1368.
XiaolingMausoleumofMingDynastywasbuiltin1381.In1382,itwasburiedinempressMaShi.In1398,itwasburiedhereafterZhuYuanzhangdiedofillness.Theprojectwasnotcompleteduntil1413.ItwasnamedXiaolingbecauseZhuYuanzhangadvocated"governingtheworldwithfilialpiety"ontheonehand,andbecauseempressMawasposthumouslynamed"Xiaoci"ontheother.Therefore,thetombwascalled"Xiaoling"intheMingDynastyand"Xiaoling"intheQingDynastytoshowthedifferencebetweendynasties.
RelyingonZijinMountain,theMingXiaolingMausoleumhasawindingShinto.ThemausoleumabidesbythetraditionofChinesearchitecture,anditscentralaxisissymmetrical.ItisthefirstMausoleumofBaochengBaoding.ThemausoleumshapeoftheformerdynastyandthelaterDynastyisthefirstMausoleumoftheMingandQingDynastiesformorethan600years.Asanationalkeyculturalrelicprotectionunit,itwaslistedintheworldculturalheritagelistin2003.
WhatweseenowisthefirstgateoftheMingXiaolingMausoleum,dajinmen.Inthosedays,a45Liexternalwallextendedfrombothsidesofdajinmen,includingthewholeZijinshan.
Theroofandgateoftheoldgoldengate,whichwascoveredwithyellowglazedtiles,havedisappeared.Onlythecastleandthethreearches.
Overthegoldengate,wecametoSifangcity.ItturnedouttobeastelePavilion.BecausethetopofthepavilionwasdestroyedbythewarinXianfengPeriodofQingDynasty,onlyfourwallsandfourdoorticketswereleft.Eachsideis26.86meterslong,justlikeanancientcastle.SoNanjingpeoplecommonlycallitSifangcity.Thereisatabletof"themiraculousworkoftheXiaolingMausoleumoftheMingDynasty"inthecity,whichis6.7metershighIt's2.08metershighandcalledMian.It'ssaidthatit'soneoftheninesonsofthedragon.It'sveryheavy.ThistabletisthelargestMingtabletinNanjing.TheinscriptioniswrittenbyZhuDi,thefounderoftheMingDynasty.Ithas2746wordsandisdividedintosevenparts.First,itdescribeshislifeexperienceandwasborninJurongfamily.Second,itasksforthepeople'sordersandmakesagreatfortune.Third,itcalmsdowntheworld,ascendsthethroneandbecomesemperor,cezhonggongandthecrownprince,andisgrantedthesamesurname.Fourth,itabolishesZhongshuandsetsupsixdepartmentstotakechargeofmilitarypower.Fifth,itattachesimportancetotalentsandthestudyoffoundinganation;6、Helivedasimplelife,andaskedhimtobeburiedwithMaafterhisdeathinXiaoling;7.Thenameof57royalchildrenand144fourcharactereulogies,theinscriptionisahighpraiseofZhuYuanzhang'slife.ThecompletionofthemonumentofthegreatMingXiaolingwasin1413,whichmarkstheendoftheMingXiaolingproject.BehindZhuDi'sgreatcontributiontoZhuYuanzhang,infact,hebuiltuphisownprestigeinDashu,soastoshowthelegitimacyofinheritingthethrone.HeoriginallysenttensofthousandsofmigrantworkerstochiselahugesteleintheeasternsuburbofNanjing.Ifthecap,bodyandbaseofthestelewere72metershigh,theyweretoohugetocarry,sotheywereabandoned.
AfterpassingtheYuhebridge,wecometotheShintooftheXiaolingMausoleumoftheMingDynasty.TheShintoisdividedintotwosections.ThefirstsectionisShixiangroad.Onbothsidesoftheroad,therearesixkindsofStoneBeasts,fourineachgroup,standingonbothsidesandsquattingonbothsides.Kirinisthekingofanimals,symbolizingthemajestyofkings,andChina_slegendarylawbeast,symbolizingtheintegrityofkings;camelsaretheboatsofthedesert,showingthevastterritoryofMingDynastyandthetranquilityofthewesternregionsofthecountry;theelephantisasymbolofthecountryandthepeople,andthepeopleareobedient;theunicornisakindofmonsterofChinesemythologyandlegend,symbolizingthebenevolenceoftheemperor.Thelastanimaltoseeisahorse,whichsymbolizesloyaltytotheemperor.ThemainpurposeofplacingthesestonebeastsonbothsidesoftheShintoistorecordZhuYuanzhang'sachievements,toshowtheprosperityoftheMingDynasty,andtoprayforthesuppressionofdemonsandevilspirits.
WalkingalongthestonestatueRoad,thesecondsectionofShinto,wengzhongRoad,liesahead.Thereisapairofpillarattheintersection,whichisalsocalledHuabiao.TheShintostandinginfrontofthemausoleumisalsocalledlingbiao.Thereisthefunctionofindicatingtheroadhere.Fromhere,Shintobeginstoturnduenorth.OnwengzhongRoad,thereweretwopairsofmilitarygenerals,whowerewearingarmorandholdingawatboardintheirhands.Theywereburly,andtwopairsofcivilministers,whowerewearingcourtclothesandholdingwatboardsintheirhands,weresolemn.Theyareapairofyoungpeopleandapairofmiddle-agedpeoplerespectively,whichindicatesthattherearesuccessorsinDaming.AttheendoftheShintoRoad,thereisaLingxinggatewithsixpillarsandthreegates.TheoriginalgatewasdestroyedinthewarinXianfengPeriodoftheQingDynasty.NowtheLingxinggateisrestoredin2007accordingtohistoricaldata.Thisistheceremonialgateforvisitingthemausoleum.
OntheeastsideofShixiangRoad,thereisahillcalledMeihuaMountain.ShintoturnsabendaroundMeihuaMountain.ItturnsoutthatthismountainwasthemausoleumofSunQuanintheeasternWuDynasty.DuringtheconstructionoftheXiaolingMausoleumoftheMingDynasty,someonesuggestedthatthismausoleumshouldberemoved.However,ZhuYuanzhangsaid,"SunQuanisalsoahero.Letmeseethegate."sotheShintocurvedandbecamethenaturalbarrieroftheXiaolingMausoleumoftheMingDynasty.NowithasbecomeafamousplumappreciationbaseinNanjing.
NowweseetheJinshuibridge.BehindtheJinshuibridgeisthemausoleumbuildingofXiaolingMausoleumofMingDynasty.TherewerefiveJinshuibridgesfacingthefivegatesofthemausoleumpalace,whichweredestroyedbythewarinXianfengPeriodofQingDynasty.OnlythreeofthemwererestoredinQingDynasty.WecanseethatthestonecarvingsonthebridgedeckandbridgefoundationarestillrelicsofMingDynasty,andthebridgerailingswererebuiltinQingDynasty.Startingfromhere,thebuildingisinaccordancewithChinesetradition,withthenorthfacingsouthandthecentralaxissymmetrical.
Uptheslope,thefirstthingweseeisthesquaregateofWenwu,whichisthegateofthemausoleumpalace.Itsyellowtile,reddoorandredwallsetoffeachother,showingtheroyalstyle.Thisgatewasrebuiltin1988accordingtohistoricalmaterials.Infrontofthegate,ontheeastsideofthewall,thereisaspecialnoticetablet,whichwaserectedinthefirstyearofXuantong.ItiswritteninthecharactersofJapan,Germany,Italy,France,BritainandRussia.ThecontentistowarnvisitorstoprotectXiaoling.
EnteringtheWenwusquaregate,wecometotheBeidian.TheBeidianwasoriginallythegateinfrontoftheXiaolinghall.BecausethegatewasdestroyedinthewaroftheTaipingHeavenlyKingdom,thedestroyedgatewasrebuiltintoaBeidianintheTongzhiperiodoftheQingDynasty.Therearefiveinscriptionsinthehall.Inthemiddleofthefiveinscriptions,"ZhilongTangandSongDynasty"isinscribedinthehandwritingofEmperorKangxi,whichmeansthatZhuYuanzhang'sachievementsingoverningthecountrysurpassthoseofEmperorTaizongLiShiminandEmperorSongtaiintheTangDynastyZhaoKuangyin.Kangxi,astheemperoroftheQingDynasty,showedhisrespectandadmirationforZhuYuanzhangontheonehand,andontheotherhand,hehadhisowngoodintentions.AtthebeginningofthereignofKangxi,theHanpeopledidnotaccepttheManchurule.KangxiknewthatitwasnotenoughtorelyontheManchu'shighpressurepolicyalone,butalsoontheHanpeople.HevisitedXiaolingofMingDynastysixtimesandfivetimesinhislife.Hekneltdownthreetimesandkowtowedninetimes.In1699,whenhevisitedXiaolingofMingDynastyforthethirdtime,hewrote"ZhilongTangandSongDynasty"towintheheartsofthepeople.NexttothemaretwostelesinscribedbyEmperorQianlongwhenhevisitedthemausoleum.Therearealsotwolyingstelesontheback,whichrespectivelyrecordthefirstandthirdvisitstoTaizumausoleumduringEmperorKangxi'ssoutherntour.TherearerecordswrittenbyTaoDai,governorofLiangjiangandCaoYin,weavingdoctorinJiangnan.
ThisbuildingistheformersiteofXiaolinghall,whichisthemainbuildingofXiaoling.Youcanseethethree-storyxumizuoplatformbaseoftheoriginalwhitemarble.Theplatformbaseisthreemetershigh.Thefourcornersofthethree-storyplatformbasearestillleftwithstonecarvedhead.Therearethreestepsaroundtheplatformbase.It'sthemiddleoftheroad.Onthethirdfloorofxumizuoisthehallofenjoyment,whichisdedicatedtoZhuYuanzhangandempressma.TheoriginalpalacewasdestroyedbythewarinXianfengPeriodoftheQingDynasty.Nowwecansee56hugestonepillarsontheplatformfoundation,eachwithadiameterof0.91meters.It'seasytoimaginehowspectacularthehallwasatthattime.Atthattime,thehallofXiaolingwasnineroomswideandfiveroomsdeep,withdoubleeaves,coveredwithyellowglazedtilesandabucketarchoverhangingeaves.ThescaleofXiaolingwasmuchlargerthanthatofChanglingHallofMingChengzuinBeijing.WhatweseenowisthethreeBaysmallhallrestoredduringthereignofTongzhiintheQingDynasty,whichisnotaslargeasbefore.
PassingthroughtheinnerredgateandtheShengxianbridge,thebuildinginfrontofyouisFangcheng.FangchengisahugebuildinginfrontofBaoding.Theoutsideismadeofbigstonesandhugebricks.ThereareeightcharacterwallsontheEastandwestsidesofFangcheng.Thefourcornersofthewallaredecoratedwithbrickcarvings.ThesebrickcarvingsarerepresentativeworksoftheearlyMingDynasty.Passingthroughthe54thlevelcorridorinthecenterofFangcheng,youcanseethesouthwallofBaocheng.Onthefrontofthewall,youcanseethatitisbuiltwith13layersofstones.ItissaidthatthesevencharacterswereengravedintheearlyyearsoftheRepublicofChinatoanswervisitors'questions.
FromtheEast-WestcorridorbetweenBaochengandFangcheng,youcanclimbtotheminglou.Itwasoriginallyabeautifulbuildingwithdoubleeavesandyellowglazedtiles.ItwasdestroyedbythewaroftheTaipingHeavenlyKingdomintheQingDynasty.Onlyfourwallsareleft.In2009,theminglouprotectionprojectwascompleted,andithasbeenrestored.InJuly2009,theminglouwasofficiallyopenedtotourists,showingthedistributionofMingDynastyinChinaThereare19mausoleumsofemperorsinChina.
BehindtheFangchengisBaoding,whichisalargeroundmoundwithadiameterof325-400m.Onthetopofthemoundaretoweringtrees,andbelowitisthepalacewhereempressMaofZhuYuanzhangwasburied.Baochengisabrickcitywithacircumferenceof1100metersaroundBaoding.TheimperialmausoleuminBaodingofBaochengcityisthefirstmausoleuminMingandQingDynastiesformorethan500years.It'sjustthattheMingDynasty'stopisroughlyround,whiletheQingDynasty'sMausoleum'stopisoval.
Today,theeastsideoftheXiaolingMausoleumoftheMingDynastyhaspreservedthesiteoftheDonglingMausoleumofZhuBiao,PrinceoftheMingDynasty.
InancientChina,theimperialmausoleumwasoriginallybuiltinFangshangofQinandHanDynasties.TherepresentativemausoleumwasQinshihuangMausoleuminShaanxiProvince.InTangDynasty,itwaschangedtothemausoleumnearthemountain.TherepresentativemausoleumincludedTangQianlingMausoleumofLiZhi,EmperorGaozongofTangDynastyandEmpressWuZetianofShaanxiProvince.InSongDynasty,theimperialmausoleumwasbuiltinFangshangofrelativelysmallscale.InMingDynasty,ZhuYuanzhanginitiatedthemausoleumformofBaochengBaodingmausoleumandformerdynastyandlaterDynastymausoleum.
TheMingDynastyestablisheditscapitalin1368andperishedin1644.Therewere16emperorsbeforeandafterit.ExceptfortheMingXiaolingMausoleuminNanjing,therestofthemausoleumswereinBeijing.OnlyJianwenEmperorZhuYunwenhadnomausoleum.ManytombsoftheMingDynastyhaveleftuscountlessplacestowatch.
AstheremainsofChineseculture,ancientChinesemausoleumshaveleftimportantmaterialmaterialsforlatergenerationstostudyandunderstandancientChineseeconomyandculture.Deartouristfriends,today'svisitiscomingtoanend.Thankyouforyourcooperationinmytourguidework.WelcometovisitMingXiaolingagain!